Other Useful Tips ​

Managing the Configuration with Git ​

NixOS configuration, being a set of text files, is well-suited for version control with Git. This allows easy rollback to a previous version in case of issues.

One thing to note: Any changes that are not committed and added to the Git staging area will be ignored by Nix after the configuration is managed using Git! So make sure your changes have been added to the staging area or committed before deploying.

However, by default, NixOS places the configuration in /etc/nixos, which requires root permissions for modification, making it inconvenient for daily use. Thankfully, Flakes can help solve this problem by allowing you to place your flake anywhere you prefer.

For example, you can place your flake in ~/nixos-config and create a symbolic link in /etc/nixos as follows:

sudo mv /etc/nixos /etc/nixos.bak  # Backup the original configuration
sudo ln -s ~/nixos-config/ /etc/nixos

# Deploy the flake.nix located at the default location (/etc/nixos)
sudo nixos-rebuild switch

sudo mv /etc/nixos /etc/nixos.bak  # Backup the original configuration
sudo ln -s ~/nixos-config/ /etc/nixos

# Deploy the flake.nix located at the default location (/etc/nixos)
sudo nixos-rebuild switch

This way, you can use Git to manage the configuration in ~/nixos-config. The configuration can be modified with regular user-level permissions and does not require root ownership.

Another approach is to delete /etc/nixos directly and specify the configuration file path each time you deploy it:

sudo mv /etc/nixos /etc/nixos.bak
cd ~/nixos-config

# `--flake .#nixos-test` deploys the flake.nix located in
# the current directory, and the nixosConfiguration's name is `nixos-test`
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#nixos-test

sudo mv /etc/nixos /etc/nixos.bak
cd ~/nixos-config

# `--flake .#nixos-test` deploys the flake.nix located in
# the current directory, and the nixosConfiguration's name is `nixos-test`
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#nixos-test

Choose the method that suits you best. Afterward, system rollback becomes simple. Just switch to the previous commit and deploy it:

cd ~/nixos-config
# Switch to the previous commit
git checkout HEAD^1
# Deploy the flake.nix located in the current directory,
# with the nixosConfiguration's name `nixos-test`
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#nixos-test

cd ~/nixos-config
# Switch to the previous commit
git checkout HEAD^1
# Deploy the flake.nix located in the current directory,
# with the nixosConfiguration's name `nixos-test`
sudo nixos-rebuild switch --flake .#nixos-test

More advanced Git operations are not covered here, but in general, rollback can be performed directly using Git. Only in cases of complete system crashes would you need to restart into the bootloader and boot the system from a previous historical version.

Viewing and Deleting Historical Data ​

As mentioned earlier, each NixOS deployment creates a new version, and all versions are added to the system's boot options. In addition to restarting the computer, you can query all available historical versions using the following command:

nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system

nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system

To clean up historical versions and free up storage space, use the following command:

# Delete all historical versions older than 7 days
sudo nix profile wipe-history --older-than 7d --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system

# Run garbage collection after wiping history
sudo nix store gc --debug

# Delete all historical versions older than 7 days
sudo nix profile wipe-history --older-than 7d --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system

# Run garbage collection after wiping history
sudo nix store gc --debug

Another command that returns all packages installed in the system is:

nix-env -qa

nix-env -qa

Reducing Disk Usage ​

The following configuration can be added to your NixOS configuration to help reduce disk usage:

{ lib, pkgs, ... }:

{
  # ...

  # Limit the number of generations to keep
  boot.loader.systemd-boot.configurationLimit = 10;
  # boot.loader.grub.configurationLimit = 10;

  # Perform garbage collection weekly to maintain low disk usage
  nix.gc = {
    automatic = true;
    dates = "weekly";
    options = "--delete-older-than 1w";
 };

  # Optimize storage
  # You can also manually optimize the store via:
  #    nix-store --optimise
  # Refer to the following link for more details:
  # https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file.html#conf-auto-optimise-store
  nix.settings.auto-optimise-store = true;
}

{ lib, pkgs, ... }:

{
  # ...

  # Limit the number of generations to keep
  boot.loader.systemd-boot.configurationLimit = 10;
  # boot.loader.grub.configurationLimit = 10;

  # Perform garbage collection weekly to maintain low disk usage
  nix.gc = {
    automatic = true;
    dates = "weekly";
    options = "--delete-older-than 1w";
 };

  # Optimize storage
  # You can also manually optimize the store via:
  #    nix-store --optimise
  # Refer to the following link for more details:
  # https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file.html#conf-auto-optimise-store
  nix.settings.auto-optimise-store = true;
}

By incorporating this configuration, you can better manage and optimize the disk usage of your NixOS system.